Antifungal Susceptibility Profile and Virulence factors of Candida Species Isolated From Door Handles of a University Campus in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Abstract

Candida species are opportunistic yeasts capable of causing infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. This study evaluated the occurrence, virulence factors, and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from door handles of the University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Swab samples were collected from high-touch door handles and cultured on chromogenic Candida agar to enhance Candida species identification relying on colony appearance. Germ tube test and chlamydospore production were done for confirmatory tests of the Candida species.  The isolates were subjected to a series of virulence tests, including phospholipase, protease, and hemolytic activity tests using standard plate methods. Pure cultures of Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei were successfully isolated. Every isolate exhibited at least one virulence factor, with C. albicans displaying the strongest enzymatic and hemolytic activity. Antifungal susceptibility tests revealed broad sensitivity to polyene antifungals but inconsistent resistance to azoles, especially in Candida parapsilosis. These results suggest that door handles in shared spaces harbor potentially multidrug-resistant Candida species. The study shows the value of rigorous hygiene protocols and regular environmental surveillance to curb the dissemination of opportunistic fungal pathogens in public and institutional environments. Overall, the findings enhance insights into environmental Candida niches and emphasize the urgency of targeted interventions to address related public health threats.